Here is a list of the most popular markings used in energy storage and when determining parameters for lithium cells:

SoH - State of Health - determines the general condition of the cells lithium batteries, i.e. their ability to store energy compared to their initial capacity. SoH is expressed as a percentage and is used to determine when a lithium cell needs to be replaced.

SoC - State of Charge - determines the amount of electricity a lithium cell stores in compared to its maximum capacity. SoC is also expressed as a percentage and is used to determine when lithium cells need to be charged.

DoD - Depth of Discharge - indicates the percentage of electricity that has been consumed from lithium cell in relation to its total capacity. The higher the DoD, the less energy is left in the lithium cell.

EOC - End of Life (End of Charge) is the point where a lithium cell is fully charged and no longer draws charging current . This point is important for proper charging of the lithium cell and can be detected by monitoring the voltage, temperature and/or charging current.

CC - Constant Current - is the charging mode, in which the lithium cell is charged at constant current.

CV - Constant Voltage - is a charging mode in which the lithium cell is charged at constant voltage.

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C-rate - is an indicator that determines the rate of charging or discharging a lithium cell. The C-rate value is equal to the ratio of the charge/discharge current to the capacity of a lithium cell.

IR - Internal Resistance - is a measure of the internal resistance of a lithium cell. The lower the IR value, the less power loss in a lithium cell.

ESR - Equivalent Series Resistance - is the sum of the electrical resistances of all elements connected in series in a lithium cell.< br>
OCV - Open Circuit Voltage(open circuit voltage) - is the voltage generated by a lithium cell when it is not connected to any circuit.

RC - Rate Capacity (nominal capacity) - is the nominal capacity of a lithium cell, expressed in ampere-hours (Ah), which is measured under strictly defined conditions.

Ah - Ampere-hour (ampere-hour) - is a unit of measurement used to express the capacity of a lithium cell, i.e. the amount of energy it can store.

Wh - Watt-hour(Watt-hour) is a unit of electrical energy expressed in volts multiplied by ampere hours. Means the amount of energy that has been consumed or produced by a lithium cell. This is important for monitoring the power consumption and lifetime of a lithium cell.

V - Voltage (Voltage) is the potential difference between two points in an electrical circuit. Indicates the voltage level on the lithium cell and is important for monitoring the state of charge and detecting possible problems with the lithium cell.

I - Current (Current) is the amount of electrical charge that flows through a conductor in unit of time. Indicates the amount of current flowing through the lithium cell and is important for monitoring the state of charge and detecting possible problems with the lithium cell.

mΩ - For lithium cells, mΩ is the unit used to measure the internal resistance lithium cell (also called internal resistance). The internal resistance of a lithium cell is the resistance that occurs inside the cell as a result of current flowing between the cathode and the anode. This is the resistance caused by the resistance of the electrolyte and other internal components of the cell, such as electrodes and connections. Internal resistance can affect cell performance, especially when current flows through the cell during charging and discharging. The value of internal resistance is usually low, only a few millimeters, but it can vary depending on the age of the cell, temperature, charge state and other factors. Measuring the internal resistance of a lithium cell measured in milliohms can help determine cell health and cell performance.

BMS - Battery Management System is a comprehensive system that includes a management module battery and other components and features. It is responsible for monitoring the state of charge, detecting problems with the lithium cell, protecting against damage and ensuring optimal performance and durability of the lithium cell.

Balancer - in lithium cells, it is a device that ensures an even discharge of the battery lithium-ion batteries to increase performance and extend battery life. Lithium-ion cells are prone to unevenness

The internal resistance (IR) of a lithium cell can be measured using two different methods: the DC (Direct Current) method and the AC (Alternating Current) method.

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The DC method measures the voltage drop across a lithium cell when a constant current is flowing, typically in the range of 0.1 to 1 A. The internal resistance of a lithium cell is calculated from the voltage and current drop according to Ohm's law.

The AC method consists in measuring the impedance of a lithium cell during the flow of alternating current, usually in the range from 10 Hz to 1 MHz. The impedance of a lithium cell consists of the internal resistance and the capacitance and inductance of the lithium cell. Therefore, in addition to measuring the internal resistance, the AC method can also determine other parameters of the lithium cell, such as capacitance and phase impedance.


Both methods have their advantages and disadvantages. The DC method is simple and cheap to implement, but may miss certain lithium cell problems, such as burnout of the electrodes. The AC method is more accurate and more versatile, but is more expensive and more complicated to implement.
The choice of the measurement method depends on the purpose of the measurement, the available means and the required level of measurement accuracy.

In the case of lithium cells used in multi-cell systems (e.g. in batteries), the connections between them must be properly designed. The types of connections between the cells are:

1. Series connection (series connection) - the fires are connected in such a way that the positive the electrodes of one cell are connected to the negative electrodes of the next cell. In this way, the voltage of the entire system increases, and the capacity depends on the capacity of a single cell.

2. Parallel connection parallel connection) - the positive and negative electrodes of the cells are connected to each other in such a way that each cell is connected to the others in parallel. In this way, the capacitance of the entire system increases, and the voltage depends on the voltage of a single cell.

3. Series-parallel connection ( series-parallel connection) - it is a combination of the above connections, in which groups of cells are connected in parallel and then in series. This allows you to reach a certain level of voltage and capacity.

Note that series connection increases voltage but not capacitance, parallel connection increases capacity but not voltage, but connection series-parallel allows you to achieve the appropriate level of both voltage and capacitance.

1. Lithium cells require a special charger.

Facts: Lithium cells can be charged with standard chargers available on the market, as long as they are suitable for the type of lithium cell. However, some models of lithium cells require special chargers, so it is important to check the user manual before charging.
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2. Lithium cells have a memory effect.

Facts: Lithium cells have no memory effect, which means that they do not need to be fully discharged before recharging. In fact, frequent full discharge can shorten the life of lithium cells.
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3. Lithium cells cannot provide enough energy.

Facts: Lithium cells can provide enough energy to power various types of devices, including electric cars and home power systems. Their efficiency and capacity are constantly improving, which makes them more and more attractive sources of energy.
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4. Lithium cells are dangerous and can explode.

Facts: While lithium cells may explode if damaged or overheated, they are safe for home use in most cases. The lithium cells are also designed with safety in mind, with battery management systems that prevent overheating and overvoltage.
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5. Lithium cells are expensive to buy.

Facts: Lithium cells used to be expensive to buy, but in recent years their price has dropped significantly, making them more affordable for the average consumer. Lithium cells are also more cost-effective in the long run due to their long life and efficiency.
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6. Lithium cells are not suitable for use in extreme conditions.

Facts: Lithium cells are used in a variety of conditions, including extreme temperature conditions. Lithium cells are used in power systems for campsites, ships and other places where conditions are harsh. There are also lithium cells that are specially designed for extreme conditions.
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7 . Lithium cells must be fully discharged before storage to avoid loss of capacity.

Fact: Lithium cells should be stored approximately 50% charged to avoid loss of capacity. Long-term storage of lithium cells in a fully discharged or fully charged state can lead to damage and loss of capacity.
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1. Lithium cells have a long service life.

Lithium cells have a long service life compared to other types of cells, such as lead-acid. Their performance and capacity remain stable for many years, making them more cost-effective in the long run.
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strong>2. Lithium cells require special handling during transport.

Lithium cells require special handling during transport due to their unique construction and potential risk of explosion if damaged. Depending on the regulations in your country, there are specific requirements for transporting lithium cells.
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3. Lithium cells are increasingly popular in automotive applications.

Lithium cells are increasingly popular in automotive applications because they offer higher efficiency and capacity than traditional cells such as lead-acid. Electric cars equipped with lithium fire are more ecological and cheaper to maintain than traditional vehicles with internal combustion engines.
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4. Lithium cells are greener than traditional cells.

Lithium cells are greener than traditional cells because they do not contain toxic substances such as mercury, cadmium or lead that are present in other types of cells. In addition, most of the materials used in the production of lithium cells can be recycled.
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5. Lithium cells have a higher energy density than traditional cells.

Lithium cells have a higher energy density than traditional cells, which means they are able to store more energy in less space. This makes lithium cells more compact and lighter than traditional cells.
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6. Lithium cells are versatile and used in a variety of applications.

Lithium cells are used in a variety of applications, from powering portable devices to electric vehicles to power systems for homes and businesses. Due to their long life, efficiency and compactness, lithium cells are becoming more and more popular
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